The impact of autocracy on ibn Moataz’s poem

It is not an easy task to learn complicated political and social situation of Abbasid history and its impact on the behavior of kingdom and ruling classes. Prince Abdullah ibn Moataz is a poet and author and one-night king who entered poetry and literature by autocracy spirit. There are issues like description, wine, glory, pray and epics in his poets, his book namely Al-Badie (Niche) and his proses. He is a poet born in political strangulation and observed assigning and withdrawing frequent Abbasid rulers by Turk commanders including the murderer of his father. Then, by his mother’s ingenuity, he resorted to poetry and literature. He never forgot these bitter memories. However, it was not only influential in his one-day administration, but also it caused his homicide like previous Caliphs. In present paper, in terms of ibn Moataz’s autocratic basis is technically analyzed by his complete poetical works. Also his Shahnameh – type approach on some poetical themes such as description, wine, lyric poem and hunting are decoded. In terms of high social basis in poetical themes and in ibn Moataz’s books, one can learn a right approach on political and social conditions of Abbasid age generally and the atmosphere of Abbasid royal court particularly.


INTRODUCTION
By the victory of Abu Al-Abbas Safah over Ommiad's in 132 (lunar years), Abbasid's fivehundred years administration started. Despite of decentralization, this age was accompanied with many falls and downs. Competition among Arabs, Iranians and Turks over power finally yielded to conquer Baghdad as the capital of Abbasids by Mongolian Holaku Khan in 656 (lunar years). Abdullah ibn Moataz inb Motevakel born in the second century of Abbasids' administration when the heavy shadow of death dominated over Abbasid caliphs. Abdullah had only 40 days that Turk commanders killed his grandfather in Royal tent. They killed his father when he was 8 year-old.
It seems that the experience of living in palace and being far from policy create an ambience for him to spend most his time on literature and to recover his old wounds by prose and poetry. By such insight, then he was recommended for caliphate, he immediately accepted it. Although he had severally avoided it and has said in Moatazed Caliphate History Book (Hussein,161): (Every day, a king is killed or is replaced by a timid king) No the question is that which kinds of poetries associate his autocracy? Can one find his childhood failures in his poems despite of his life in an autocratic life?
The author found no book or paper on the impact of autocracy in Ibn Moataz's poetry. Present paper addresses a brief part of Abbasid age along with poet's life. Then, affecting personality traits on his poetry and poetical subjects affected by his autocratic spirit are investigated.

THE LIFE OF IBN MOATAZ AND ABBASID HISTORY PROCESS:
Abu Al-Abbas Safah was the founder of Abbasid administration who killed Ommiad's commanders in 132 (lunar) and recognized Anbar City in Iraq as the capital of Abbasids. The impact of Iranians in this age cannot be ignored. Commanders of army, ministers and governor generals were all Iranians who brought absolute administration policy for Arabian community. They disseminated Iranian social lifestyle especially in how to eat, drink, clothes, palace building, organizing ceremonies among Arabs. Social environment was seen so Arabic due to existence many Iranian, Turk, Seryani, Roman and Barbarian elements. Consequently, free opinion expression was a characteristic of this period. Turks were brought as slaves throughout Islamic and neighboring nations to Baghdad and Motasem Ibn Moataz dreamed to buy them in order foster his army. He assigned them as military commanders. Very soon, Turks got power and it seems Abbasids' caliphs were only their shadows in contrary to many individuals who called them as in shadow government.
In this way, when Motevakel became caliph, he felt their danger more than ever and planned to curb them by deceit. However, he failed. Afterwards, Turks dominated the country and weakened caliph so that they became their slaves. Survival or deposal of caliphs was ordered by them; otherwise they were killed. Under such circumstances, Abdullah Ibn Moataz was born in 247 (lunar) in Samira in capital palace. As mentioned, he had only 40 days that Turks killed Motevakel along with his minister Khaghan. According to Taha Hussein, killing Motevakel was a big evil (Hussein: 152).
His Roman mother led him very soon to education. Abdullah showed his genuine soon so that his father was surprised and coined in the name of Abdullah. Bohtary, Abbasid poet, prayed this child Abdullah: (Coining in the name of Abdullah made us happy how beautiful imitation of our job (poetry)) Such pleasure was not continued too long and the worst memory was happened for Abdullah when Turk commanders attacked the court to receive their salaries and enforced his father to pay their salaries. Since treasury was empty due to bad management, they attacked his fathered and beat him by mace and imprisoned him in a house till he died. Then, they seized his properties and exiled Abdullah and his mother to Mecca.
Abdullah felt the pain of father homicide and exile and its consequences were not released till the end of his life. He remembers both pains: (And the long string of dreams is broken in the shadow of proud negligible happiness) One year later namely in 256 (lunar) Motamed became caliph. He returned Ibn Moataz and his mother to Samira and his grandmother attempted to educate him. Toward 276 (lunar), he learnt all sciences in Samira and wrote many poetries and books including "Al-Badie", "Al-Javareh and Al -Seyd", "Al-Zahr and Al-Riad" and so on. When Motazed became caliph, Ibn Moataz asked to come to Baghdad by parrying caliph: (And the building of a palace with tall walls like women who sitting cross -legged by their skirts) Over 50 years, Ibn Moataz lived in such autocratic environment. "This is the environment where inspired Ibn Moataz's pure artistic feeling. So he became a good poet." (Hussein,153). During this age, efforts by Ibn Moataz and his cousins to avoid politics were not only unsuccessful but also entered with unbelievingly into caliphate. A group of Turk commanders matched a fire which involved Ibn Moataz very soon. By giving superiority to 13-year'old "Moghtader" over 52-year-old Ibn Moataz for caliphate position, many commanders and judges ousted Moghtader and promised loyalty to Ibn Moataz. This under ash fire involved Ibn Moataz very soon even for one night since the next day, he as killed and Moghtader took to power. it happened in 296 (lunar).
(Who lives one or more days would experience the wound of fate) What mentioned on Ibn Moataz's 52 years life in Samira and Baghdad can be investigated from different aspects. In present paper, we study his personality traits the impacts of autocracy on his poetry by using the psychological achievements and intertextuality.

DESCRIPTION
A few skillful poets can be found in description since it needs broad imagination, clear language and endless opportunity. All were gathered in Ibn Moataz. He grew in ambience full of material and spiritual gifts.
Preparing the best educational conditions by his grandmother including the best teachers like Mobrad, Salab, Ahmed Ibn Saeed Dameshghi and Balazari and interactions with Bohtary and such scientists as Mohammad Ibn Omran Ibn Zyad and Ahmed Ibn Saleh in literal forums generated a poet who wrote below poetry to appease his instructor Ahmed Ibn Saeed Dameshghi. In versifying such lyrics, he only aimed at amazing servants and he did not go beyond love between a prince and servants who signed (Islamic Great Encyclopedia, 636).
To the same reason, when Ibn Roomy is asked why your likening is not similar to Ibn Moataz while you are better poet, he says ‫وسعها"‬ ‫اال‬ ً ‫نفسا‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫يکل‬ ‫."ال‬ He describes what is in his home since he is a prince while I am a poet who generates my income through poetry (Zeif,334 (Hussein,196,197).
However, by looking at Kboat likening", one can find that this analysis relates to the environment where Ibn Moataz lives since living in a palace full of gold and silver and watching them every day can bring such imaginations since such imaginations cannot be emerged by poets who have not been in such environments. Bohtary has also mentioned them (Zeif,295,296). Therefore, this likening has a special status in descriibng Ibn Moataz since on the hand, it expresses his awareness of his antecedent poets and, on the other hand, it reveals his prince environment. In Asrar Al-Balagheh, Abdulghaher Jorjani expresses the reason of Ibn Moataz's reputation in likening as: "most Ibn Moataz's likening has made him more reputable since he has used visual senses as the best likening" (Al-Fil, 244).
Therefore, one can say that Ibn Moataz's varied experiences which show his social basis in description and likening are the reasons of his reputation and has taken him to a degree by which he claims: "whenever I say ‫کأنَّ‬ and do not bring likening after that, Allah throws off my teeth."

VENGEANCE
As mentioned, Ibn Moataz experienced two bitter events in his childhood namely homicide of his father and exile. They highly affected his life so that he always attempted to keep from political life and has no interest to be caliph. However, caliphs namely his cousins prepared the conditions and encouraged him to such life so that he did not remember those accidents. Despite of this, an explicit phenomenon in Ibn Moataz's poetry is to complain the time and people due to his pains by Turks: (Human needless is hidden by his death and he is not needless when he is alive)

Intoxication
Intoxication highly relates to poet's social basis. It is a branch of description. Technical invention and innovation in intoxication is achieved when poet has experienced carried environments and times and is too rich. Ibn Moataz was a poet to whom all conditions were prepared. Therefore, no poet in 3 rd century has versified on wine as same as Ibn Moataz (Islamic Great Encyclopedia, vol. 4, 636). "ZAm Al-Sobuh" is an example in which Ibn Moataz renders his extraordinary skills (Taha Hussein, 164). In intoxication, he has used likening such wine vessel, color, taste and odor from morning to night from summer to winter. It should be added that the multiplicity of poems on intoxication shows the beauty of nature and his poetic capability on wine to show his endless love and attachment in wine.

‫األر‬
"Zam Al-Sobuh" consists of 120 sentences with varied rhyme which was a technical invention in his time and he versified it as a jest:

‫عادا‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫الصبوح‬ ‫ترکي‬ ‫في‬ ‫وزادا‬ ‫المني‬ ‫قد‬ ‫صاحبٌ‬ ‫لي‬
(There is nothing better than pure wine to remove sadness as if wine is like rears from queer's eyes)

GLORY
Taha Hussein asserts that glory men have the ability to say lie and defend it and to show their small works as big as well as to see the big works of others as small. A little joy would create distance between their life and influence (Hussein,192 (When the will and fear of a man are conflicted, will is like a sharp sword and my heart would not disagree with it) Glory is seen throughout Ibn Moataz's set of poets as if it recovers his latent pain of time coercion and we observe such repetition in the poems of many deprived poets like love to nation among poets who have lived out of their country from left to exiled poets like Mahmood Sami ALbardi and Ahmad Shoghi and captives like Abunovas and even in the words of Abdulvahab AL-Bayati who has repeated dialogues on country and city and he was not able to stay in Iraq since he had no home and clear location.

International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 63
It seems that Ibn Moataz is eastern Don Quixote 1 who only a name of his autocratic memories are remained. Perhaps, a type of identity expression is for his superiority and recalling his social distinguished success.
However, one should not ignore that Ibn Moataz's distinguished personality traits cannot be denied. Glory is one of the widest poetical themes in his book and barriers throughout his life to achieve caliphate are not deniable. It should be added that bitter memoirs have been always with him. Glory is used when human is involved by a false pride. The best example is: (There is nothing in the world to achieve it and to be convicted except than seen the face of caliph) It seems that Ibn Moataz has not seen below couplet by Bashar Ibn Bord: ‫تشرب‬ ‫لم‬ ‫أنت‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫مشار‬ ‫تصفو‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫أي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ظئمتَ‬ ‫القذي‬ ‫علي‬ ً ‫مرارا‬ ُ ‫ب‬ ‫ه‬ (You will stay thirsty if you do drink muddy water constantly and which human drinks always clean water) It should be noted that at the end of the same couplet, Ibn Moataz proved drinking muddy water for others which is false claim and shows his false narcissism.

IBN MOATAZ'S POLITICAL PARADOX IN POETRY
Poets' literal history represents this assumption that the poets of courts or poet commanders have been always influenced by governing policies over courts in their poetries.
In other words, their themes would lead into the benefit of a party or individual. Issues like glory, pray, epics, elegy and intoxication circumvent above target and one can find them hardly in the books of those poems who have achieved the separation of such themes completely. (There is nothing in the world to achieve it and to be convicted except than seen the face of caliph) 1 Dun Quixote is a dispraising revenge which mitigate in the age of author from cavalier order tediousness. Don Quixote was an autocrat who spent his time to read novels on knights and he was so influenced by them that he decided to introduce himself as a great knight and reputed in the world by his conquers. He has big thoughts but he goes to fight against reality since facts are not adapted to him (Moein, vol. 5, 545).

104
Volume 63 Upon the death of Motazed in 289 (lunar), we observe Ibn Moataz more flatterer than before when he was temporarily imprisoned by a group of Abbasid's great ones to finalize to swear allegiance with Motazed's sone namely Moktafi. Ibn Moataz complains to Ghassem the Son of Suleiman Ibn Vahab as the past minister since Ibn Moataz had severally praised Ghassem and his father during Motazed's caliphate and even has granted gifts to them. When Ibn Moataz prays them he becomes so pleased that: ‫حتفي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫و‬ ‫بيني‬ ‫قام‬ ‫و‬ ‫دهري‬ ‫بين‬ ‫و‬ ‫بيني‬ ‫أصلح‬ (He compromised between me and bitter time and stood between me and my death) These are reasons for forgetting the murderers of his father and his social basis as a prince who puts everything aside for survival and he becomes so dispraised in this political strangulation that he has no choice than praising Moktafi and many other commanders (Zeif,332).
In another political prejudice, he renders his personality paradox so that in his disagreement with Alavians who never stopped contradictory with Abbasids during their history and verifies: In defending Abbasids, he believes that Alavians' opposition is to disagree with Divine fate and here he says that Alavians are from his meat and blood and opposing Ali is blasphemy. Such contradictories in his Book can be found in paramount and it seems that it was to get rid of these contradictories that he accepted caliphate in hurry and worst political crisis. Very soon, he flamed his inner personality by his famous statement: "it is now the time that right is revealed and to shame evil (Islamic Great Encyclopedia, 634).

LYRIC
Abu Faraj Isfahani says: "although Ibn Moataz's poetry has the softness of court and lyric of clever men and fluency of inventors, it has many modernistic aspects and respect antecedents and has precisely brought many things on kings who were like him and Ibn Moataz found no need to liken him to ignorance big poets (Al-Fil, 232).
Composing "Al-Badie" book by Ibn Moataz is an example of paying attention to antecedents and in this regard, Ibn Moataz says: "my purpose of this book is to aware people that modernists did not surpass antecedents in novelties" (Ibn Moataz,13).
In lyrics of Ibn Moataz, one cannot see technical lexicons like Abunovas' lyrics in integrating images and mentioned couplets. Also, one cannot find Bashar's enthusiastic lyrics in abusing (Oh single in inner and outer beauty! Who conducted your eyes to kill me) Ibn Moataz's hunting involves many animals and birds so that he uses all sky and earth to describe them. However, the care of his photographing as a prince who has paramount experiences in hunting is too explicit. Such imaginations can be done only by poet princes like Ibn Moataz. Like a photo over the door, he describes snake: ‫بلق‬ ‫نها‬ ‫لو‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجدولة‬ ‫رقشاء‬ ‫بينهم‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫ساورتني‬ ‫کأنني‬ (As if one day I was among them that a colored, black and white snake jumped me) ‫مکانها‬ ‫من‬ ‫تبدو‬ ‫حين‬ ‫ها‬ َّ ‫کأن‬ ‫الورق‬ ‫و‬ ‫النور‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫ح‬ َّ ‫تفت‬ ‫غصنٌ‬ (As if that snake was like a branch grown in light in which a leaf was opening) ، ‫(ضيف‬ ‫الغرق‬ ‫َّبابة‬ ‫بالس‬ ‫َّذ‬ ‫تعو‬ ‫کما‬ ‫به‬ ‫تستغيث‬ ‫لسانٌ‬ ‫منها‬ ‫ينسلُّ‬ 613 ) (It brought it tongue out to ask for help like a sank human prays by forefinger)

CONCLUSION
Abu Al-Abbas Abdullah Ibn Moataz was an Abbasid prince who was king for one night. What distinguishes him from other Abbasid' kings are his writing and poetry power.
He versified for many his contemporary age; however, his most poems were on descriibng wine and nature so that he was considered and "nature describer".
Such reputation and poetry themes in his poems and even writing Al-Badie Book and Fosul Al-Tamasil Fi AL-Sharab and Adabeh root in his social basis so that one can see the impact of this high social status in all parts of his poem book and according to Abu Faraj Isfahani and Abdulghader Jorjani, we can see the impact of his prince in his poems and likening.
On the other hand, events like his father's homicide, his exile and seizing his assets in childhood annoyed him so much that he experienced the concept of animosity and spite. To the same reason, when his cousin Motazed took revenge of his father's murderers, he versified epics for Motazed and revealed his spite in political position against opponents and even in accepting his one-day administration.
Another issue which explains his prince personality is intoxication and hunting. Ibn Moataz's personal experience in palace and drinking wine and hunting are appearing in Bohtari's poems. Ibn Moataz published a book on wine ceremonies in poetry so that he not only experienced exiting the single rhyme but also he provided an actual expression of situations and condition in Abbasid age.
In descriibng hunting, he uses his sight power so that listener sees it like a painting. Only Ibn Moataz is able to express reality of varied wine drinking meetings and visual likening. Therefore, Ibn Moataz is an autocratic poet in the second Abbasid age that could undoubtedly get us familiar with this class by his poems and works. His difference with other poets like Bohtari, Ebn Rumi and Matnabi is that their glance at society was bottom-up while Ibn Moataz looked at society up-down. It cannot be denied and pointed out by Ebn Rumi.